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Some attine ants carry vegetation into their nests and add fungal material, thereby creating “gardens” in which fungal food for the ants grow. Because the ants play the behaviorally active role, it seems compelling to say that they cultivate and control the passive fungi. But even if that is true, the symbiotic association has existed for so long that cultivar traits may have evolved in the fungi that benefit the fungi but not necessarily the ants. Furthermore, many microorganisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate the physiology and behavior of their symbiotic animals. It is not implausible, therefore, that the ants’ fungi have evolved chemical and physiological schemes that alter ant behavior to serve the fungus’ reproductive interests, possibly even compromising the reproductive interests for the ant hosts.

1. The passage points out which of the following in order to explain the appeal of the notion that some attine ants cultivate and control fungus?

A. The ants play the behaviorally active roles in the symbiotic relationship.

B. The ants purposefully carry vegetation into their nests for their own consumption.

C. Fungus is physiologically a passive substance.

D. Other organisms are able to manipulate their symbiotic partners.

E. The chemical and physiological properties of the fungus are subject to ant influence.

2. In the context in which it appears, the word “manipulate” most nearly means

A. influence

B. oversee

C. coerce

D. deceive

E. outmaneuver

1

Some attine ants carry vegetation into their nests and add fungal material, thereby creating “gardens” in which fungal food for the ants grow.

一些 蟻把植物帶回巢穴，再加入真菌材料，于是創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)生產(chǎn)真菌的 “ 菜園 ” 供養(yǎng)蟻群。

2

Because the ants play the behaviorally active role, it seems compelling to say that they cultivate and control the passive fungi.

3

But even if that is true, the symbiotic association has existed for so long that cultivar traits may have evolved in the fungi that benefit the fungi but not necessarily the ants.

但即便這是真的，這種共生關(guān)系也存在了如此久，以至于被栽種的真菌可能已經(jīng)進(jìn)化出一些對(duì)自己有利，對(duì)蟻未必有利的遺傳特征。

(cultivar 栽種品種  trait 遺傳特征)

4

Furthermore, many microorganisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate the physiology and behavior of their symbiotic animals.

此外，許多微生物都發(fā)展出復(fù)雜的機(jī)制，操縱與之共生的動(dòng)物的生理機(jī)能和行為。

1. The passage points out which of the following in order to explain the appeal of the notion that some attine ants cultivate and control fungus?

A. The ants play the behaviorally active roles in the symbiotic relationship.

B. The ants purposefully carry vegetation into their nests for their own consumption.

C. Fungus is physiologically a passive substance.

D. Other organisms are able to manipulate their symbiotic partners.

E. The chemical and physiological properties of the fungus are subject to ant influence.

選 A

文章開始提出了一種現(xiàn)象，螞蟻和蘑菇共生。

關(guān)于這一現(xiàn)象，有兩種解釋，一種是螞蟻種蘑菇;一種是蘑菇控制螞蟻。

定位句 2，Because the ants play the behaviorally active role，選 A 。

2. In the context in which it appears, the word “manipulate” most nearly means

A. influence

B. oversee

C. coerce

D. deceive

E. outmaneuver

選 A

influence 影響，支配

oversee 監(jiān)督，監(jiān)視

coerce 強(qiáng)制，逼迫

deceive 欺騙，誤導(dǎo)

outmaneuver 以計(jì)謀、智力取勝(對(duì)手)

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