- 閱讀理解A
題干：Newscientificstudiesrevealthehiddencostsofmultitaskingastechnologyincreasinglytemptspeopletodomorethanonethingatatime.WhetherpeopletogglebetweenbrowsingtheWebandusingothercomputerprograms,talkoncellphoneswhiledriving,pilotjumbojetsormonitorairtraffic,they’reusingtheir“executivecontrol”processes—thementalCEO—foundtobeassociatedwiththebrain’skeyneuralregions.Theseinterrelatedcognitiveprocessesestablishprioritiesamongtasksandallocatethemind’sresourcestothem.“Peoplehavespecificmentalresourceswhoseeffectiveuserequiressupervisionthroughexecutivementalcontrol,”saysDavidMeyer,Ph.D.attheUniversityofMichigan.Tobetterunderstandexecutivecontrol,aswellasthehumancapacityformultitaskinganditslimitations,JoshuaRubinstein,Ph.D.ofU.S.FederalAviationAdministration,andDavidMeyer,studiedpatternsintheamountsoftimelostwhenpeopleswitchedrepeatedlybetweentwotasksofvaryingcomplexityandfamiliarity.Thefindingsrevealedthatforalltypesoftasks,subjectslosttimewhentheyhadtoswitchfromonetasktoanother,andtimecostsincreasedwiththecomplexityofthetasks,soittookasignificantlylongtimetoswitchbetweenmorecomplextasks.Timecostswerealotgreaterwhensubjectsswitchedtotasksthatwererelativelyunfamiliar.Theygot“uptospeed”fasterwhentheyswitchedtotaskstheyknewbetter,anobservationthatmayleadtointerfacesdesignedtohelpovercomepeople’sinnatecognitivelimitations.Theresearcherssaytheirresultssuggestthatexecutivecontrolinvolvestwodistinct,complementarystages:goalshifting(“Iwanttodothisnowinsteadofthat”)andruleactivation(I’mturningofftherulesforthatandturningontherulesforthis”).Bothstageshelppeopleunconsciouslyswitchbetweentasks.Ruleactivationitselftakessignificantamountsoftime,severaltenthsofasecond—whichcanaddupwhenpeopleswitchbackandforthrepeatedlybetweentasks.Thus,multitaskingmayseemmoreefficientonthesurface,butmayactuallytakemoretimeintheend.Accordingtotheresearchers,thisinsightintoexecutivecontrolmayhelppeoplechoosestrategiesthatmaximizetheirefficiencywhenmultitasking.Theinsightmayalsoweighagainstmultitasking.Forexample,Meyerpointsout,amerehalfsecondoftimelosttotaskswitchingcanmeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathforadriverusingacellphone,becauseduringthetimethatthecarisnottotallyundercontrol,itcantravelfarenoughtocrashintoobstaclesthatthedrivermighthaveotherwiseavoided.
題目： What does the text mainly talk about?（） - A 、The advantages of studying executive mental control
- B 、The high efficiency and hidden costs of multitasking
- C 、The role of mental CEO-executive control process
- D 、Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching
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參考答案【正確答案：D】
全文主題。本篇文章主要講述的是戴維·梅爾和其他兩位研究人員從大腦行政控制的角度來(lái)分析人們?cè)谔幚矶喾N任務(wù)時(shí)時(shí)間丟失問(wèn)題的研究結(jié)果，故正確答案為D，即任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中認(rèn)知程序的行政控制。
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