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閱讀理解B
題干：“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere，”wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast：lessconcernedwithlearningfromourforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance，thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus--OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccolòMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,hechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue，mercyandjustice，astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime，theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday，stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist'spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamuelSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplorers.“Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help，ofpatientpurpose，resoluteworking，andsteadfastintegrity，issuingintheformationoftrulynobleandmanlycharacter,exhibit，”wroteSmiles,“whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself.”HisbiographiesofJamesWatt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.Noteveryonewasconvincedbysuchbombast.“Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles,”wroteMarxandEngelsinTheCommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles：“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities，thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease；theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves，butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound，givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionisedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle，BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding-fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies-wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo：downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.
題目：Marx and Engels
A 、emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
B 、highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
C 、focused onepochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
D 、opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
E 、held thathistory should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
、dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
、depicted the worthy lives of engineers，industrialists and explorers.