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Some researchers claim that cetaceans—whales and dolphins—have culture, which the researchers define as the ability to learn from one another. Skeptics, however, demand clear evidence that cetaceans can acquire new behaviors through some form of social learning, preferably clear-cut instances of imitation or teaching. But such evidence is difficult to obtain. While few people doubt that captive cetaceans are adept at imitation or that they reproduce behaviors taught by researchers, biologists seeking insight into cetaceans’ behavior in their natural habitats must rely on deduction rather than experiments. If members of a particular group share behaviors that do not result from genetic inheritance or environmental variation, then they have almost certainly learned them by watching, following, or listening to other animals.

1. Which of the following best describe the function of the highlighted sentence?

A. It identifies a factor that complicates biologists’ ability to draw conclusions about the behavior of cetaceans in their natural environments.

B. It illustrates the kind of deduction mentioned in the preceding sentence.

C. It explains why skeptics have remained unpersuaded by evidence that has been put forward in support of the claim that cetaceans have culture.

D. It introduces a claim that would be dismissed by both supporters and opponents of the view that cetaceans have culture.

E. It notes a previously overlooked factor that might shed light on the question of whether cetaceans have culture.

2. The passage suggests which of the following about captive cetaceans?

A. Whether they are engaged in social learning is a subject of disagreement among biologists.

B. Their ability to imitate new behaviors is more extensive than that of noncaptive cetaceans.

C. They exhibit few behaviors that have not also been observed in cetaceans in their natural habitats.

D. They appear to adopt new behaviors more quickly than noncaptive cetaceans.

E. They exhibit tendencies that suggest a capacity for the kind of behavior that qualifies as cultural.

1

Some researchers claim that cetaceans — whales and dolphins — have culture, which the researchers define as the ability to learn from one another.

一些研究者認(rèn)為鯨目動(dòng)物 —— 鯨和海豚 —— 擁有文化，研究者把它定義為互相學(xué)習(xí)的能力。

2

Skeptics, however, demand clear evidence that cetaceans can acquire new behaviors through some form of social learning, preferably clear-cut instances of imitation or teaching.

然而對(duì)此持懷疑態(tài)度的人，要求給出鯨目動(dòng)物可以通過某種社交學(xué)習(xí)的形式，習(xí)得新行為的確定證據(jù)，最好是清晰無誤的模仿或教學(xué)的例子。

3

But such evidence is difficult to obtain.

但這種證據(jù)不易獲得。

4

While few people doubt that captive cetaceans are adept at imitation or that they reproduce behaviors taught by researchers, biologists seeking insight into cetaceans’ behavior in their natural habitats must rely on deduction rather than experiments.

盡管沒什么人懷疑，被圈養(yǎng)的鯨目動(dòng)物擅長(zhǎng)模仿，或者說它們復(fù)制研究者教給它們的行為，但想要理解自然棲息地的鯨目動(dòng)物的行為，生物學(xué)家必須依賴推演，而不是實(shí)驗(yàn)。

5

If members of a particular group share behaviors that do not result from genetic inheritance or environmental variation, then they have almost certainly learned them by watching, following, or listening to other animals.

如果某個(gè)群體的成員都具有一些，并非來自于基因遺傳或環(huán)境改變(造成)的行為，那么幾乎可以確定它們是通過觀察，跟隨或聽從其他動(dòng)物而習(xí)得的。

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