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Human impacts on the natural environment during the later part of the Holocene (beginning about 4,000 years ago) complicate investigations into environmental change during that period because the signals produced by human-and climate-induced change are sometimes difficult to separate. For example, in the later Holocene, one indicator of increased aridity due to climate change is an increase in pollen from grasses, as forest vegetation gives way to grassland. Such a change in vegetation could alternatively be attributed to human impact in the form of agricultural development. Examples of such human impact from 4,000 years ago would be small-scale, however, since the broad ecosystem changes brought about by the widespread adoption of agricultural technologies occurred later.

1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

A. It provides an example of the kind of problems that often complicate investigations into environmental change.

B. It call into question the reliability of the established dates for later Holocene agricultural development.

C. It describes the nature of localized agricultural developments during the later Holocene.

D. It outlines a hypothesis that draws on evidence discussed earlier in the passage.

E. It limits the scope of a particular complication mentioned earlier in the passage.

2. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding environmental changes 4,000 years ago?

A. No localized increases in grass pollen were caused by agricultural development.

B. Increases in grass pollen were at least sometimes a reflection of an increase in aridity.

C. Wholesale ecosystem changes probably resulted from agricultural development.

D. Any small-scale changes occurring then would not be detectable now.

E. Environmental change helped induce the adoption of agricultural technologies.

1

Human impacts on the natural environment during the later part of the Holocene (beginning about 4,000 years ago) complicate investigations into environmental change during that period because the signals produced by human- and climate-induced change are sometimes difficult to separate.

全新世晚期(開始于約 4000 年前)人類對自然環(huán)境的影響，讓關(guān)于當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境改變的研究變得復(fù)雜，因?yàn)槿祟愐鸬母淖兒蜌夂蛞鸬母淖?，有時(shí)難以區(qū)分。

全新世 [Holocene epoch]

舊稱最新世(Recent epoch)

地球地質(zhì)史的最后階段，時(shí)間從10,000年前到現(xiàn)在。是構(gòu)成第四紀(jì)的兩個(gè)世中年代較晚的一個(gè)，在更新世最后一個(gè)冰期之后，特點(diǎn)是氣候條件比較溫暖。這時(shí)期，人類技術(shù)有所精進(jìn)，逐漸導(dǎo)向現(xiàn)代文明水平。

2

For example, in the later Holocene, one indicator of increased aridity due to climate change is an increase in pollen from grasses, as forest vegetation gives way to grassland.

例如，全新世晚期，因氣候改變而導(dǎo)致干旱加劇的一種指標(biāo)，是禾本植物的劃分增多，因?yàn)?/span>森林植被草原取代。

3

Such a change in vegetation could alternatively be attributed to human impact in the form of agricultural development.

這樣一種植被的改變，也可以被另外地解釋為人類農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展的后果。

4

Examples of such human impact from 4,000 years ago would be small-scale, however, since the broad ecosystem changes brought about by the widespread adoption of agricultural technologies occurred later.

4000 年前，這類人類影響的例子可能是小規(guī)模的，然而，因農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的廣泛傳播而產(chǎn)生的大范圍生態(tài)系統(tǒng)改變，隨后就發(fā)生了。

(現(xiàn)在來看，since 句是個(gè)病句，要么把 since 劃掉，否則只能認(rèn)為材料截取原文時(shí)漏掉了一些內(nèi)容，使 since 作為一個(gè)連詞，引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)無意義的分句)

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