Total, Variable, Fixed, and Marginal Cost and Output：Variable,Fixed,Output:is the summation of all expenses that do not change as the level of production:varies.Total[Practice

Trading Blocs, Common Markets, and Economic Unions：all barriers to the flow of goods and services among members have been eliminated. However:Beneluxreplacement of higher-cost domestic production by lower-cost imports from othermembers.

Substitution and Income Effects：Substitution and Income Effects:effectconsumers tend to buy more of them when their income rises.

Frequency Distributions：frequency,2.35:[Practicecorrect–1.0 to +2.0intervalC.+5.0 to +8.0

Imports and Exports：Nettrade deficit.

Elasticity and Total Expenditure：expenditure move in the same direction.curve

Probability：Probability:Random:variable:Objective,Subjective:probability draws on personal or subjective judgment.;Given a probability PE:Loss

Shifts in the AD and AS curves and Equilibriums：A decrease in AD lowers real GDP:contractions are associated with rising inflation and interest rates.

Frequency Distributions：frequency,interval.,[Practicecorrectinterval+5.0 to +8.0x-axis and the absolute frequency for that interval on the y-axis

What members and candidates should notice in CFA examinations?：or security of the CFA examinations.（不能惡心CFA），考試不能作弊:考試內(nèi)容要保密:A. No.:Responsibilities as a CFA Institute Member.right④Case

Why members and candidates must develop and maintain appropriate records?：actions,Cannot usehistoricalrecommendations or research reports created at the previous firm because the supporting documentation is unavailable. （不能使用以前的推薦或者研究報(bào)告,因?yàn)闆](méi)有支持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)）For future use,CFA

What laws,rules, and regulations should be known by members and candidates?：rules，必須遵守直接相關(guān)的法律），but this may be advisable in some circumstances and required by law in others. （沒(méi)有要求一定要將違法行為報(bào)告政府）也會(huì)被認(rèn)為是參與違法行為）