1. Government spending: This involves the use of government funds to finance public projects, such as infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and social welfare programs. Increased government spending can stimulate economic growth by creating jobs and increasing demand for goods and services.

2. Taxation: Taxation is another fiscal policy tool used by governments to influence the economy. Governments can increase or decrease taxes on individuals and businesses to stimulate or slow down economic growth. For example, reducing taxes can increase disposable income and encourage spending, while increasing taxes can reduce disposable income and discourage spending.

3. Transfer payments: Transfer payments are payments made by the government to individuals or businesses that do not involve the provision of goods or services. These payments can take the form of social welfare programs, such as unemployment benefits, child support, and pensions. Transfer payments can help to reduce poverty and stimulate economic growth by increasing the purchasing power of individuals and businesses.

4. Public debt management: Governments can also use fiscal policy to manage public debt. This involves managing the amount of debt that the government owes to investors, such as bondholders. Governments can use strategies such as debt restructuring, refinancing, and debt forgiveness to manage their debt and ensure that it remains sustainable.

5. Reserve requirements: Reserve requirements are regulations that require banks to hold a certain amount of reserves, such as cash or deposits, to ensure that they can meet their financial obligations. Governments can use reserve requirements to influence the money supply and control inflation. For example, increasing reserve requirements can reduce the amount of money that banks can lend, which can help to control inflation.