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1.(Z) Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development. They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it. That plan is ill-conceived: if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders. On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable. But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires. And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldface proportions play which of the following roles?

A.The first presents a goal that the argument rejects as ill-conceived; the second is evidence that is presented as grounds for that rejection.

B.The first presents a goal that the argument concludes cannot be attained; the second is a reason offered in support of that conclusion.

C.The first presents a goal that the argument concludes can be attained; the second is a judgment disputing that conclusion.

D.The first presents a goal, strategies for achieving which are being evaluated in the argument; the second is a judgment providing a basis for the argument’s advocacy of a particular strategy.

E.The first presents a goal that the argument endorses; the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.

正確答案：D

2.(Z) Ecologists: the Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs. The common view is that the Highland’s deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture. However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago. Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1000 years, and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depth great than four feet. Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 years and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.

In the ecologist’s argument, the two portions in boldfaces play which of the following roles?

A.The first is evidence that has been used in support of a position that the argument rejects; the second is a finding that the ecologist uses to counter the evidence.

B.The first is evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position

C.The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second is evidence that has been used in support of that position.

D.The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second provides evidence in support of that rejection.

E.The first is a position for which the ecologist argues; the second provides evidence to support that position.

3.(Z) Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property. In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city. Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes. The critics are correct on this point. Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more. In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

In the argument given, the two potions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.The first presents a plan that the argument seeks to defend against a certain criticism; the second gives part of the basis for that criticism.

B.The first presents a plan that the argument seeks to defend against a certain criticism; the second gives part of the basis for that defense.

C.The first presents a plan that the argument criticizes; the second is a consideration raised by the argument in support of that criticism.

D.The first presents a plan that the argument criticizes; the second presents a consideration that has been raised against that criticism.

E.The first presents a plan whose consequences the argument seeks to evaluate; the second is presented by the argument as one likely consequence that is undesirable.

正確答案：B B

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