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1、Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.

(B) Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.

(C) Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.

(D) The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.

(E) Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.

題目類型：assumption

題目翻譯：

洗衣劑或殺蟲劑等小學常用的化學制品會讓孩子有過敏反應。R地的小學護士報告說，在過去的10年中，來到他們那里治療上述過敏的孩子增加了很多。因此，要么R地的學生現在更多地接觸了化學制品，要么學生們比10年前對化學制品更加敏感。

解題思路：

有可能是上學的學生在增加，其實過敏比例沒有變。

逐項分析：

A、護士減少了。如果題干里說每一個護士報告的過敏學生數在增加，那么此項成為正確選項，但題干說的是所有護士。排除。

B、對化學制品過敏的學生并不比其他學生更容易對其他東西過敏。無關項。

C、正確選項。過去學生發(fā)生過敏反應的時候可能不一定會去學校護士那里，但現在去了，所以護士報告病例增加。

D、化學制品并沒有在家里和公寓里被廣泛當作洗衣劑或殺蟲劑使用。無關項。

E、如果這個是事實的話，那么報告的過敏病例應該持平或下降。

正確選項：C

2、Normally, the pineal gland governs a person’s sleep-wake cycle by secreting melatonin in response to the daily cycle of light and darkness as detected by the eye. Nonetheless, many people who are totally blind due to lesions in the visual cortex of the brain easily maintain a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. So the neural pathway by which the pineal gland receives information from the eye probably does not pass through the visual cortex.

For purposes of evaluating the argument it would be most useful to establish which of the following?

(A) Whether melatonin supplements help people who have difficulty maintaining a 24-hour sleep cycle to establish such a pattern

(B) Whether the melatonin levels of most totally blind people who successfully maintain a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle change in response to changes in exposure to light and darkness

(C) Whether melatonin is the only substance secreted by the pineal gland

(D) Whether most people who do not have a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle nevertheless have a cycle of consistent duration

(E) Whether there are any people with normal vision whose melatonin levels respond abnormally to periods of light and darkness

題目類型：

evaluate the argument

題目翻譯：

通常，PG通過分泌M來控制一個人的睡-醒循環(huán)，而M是眼睛所探測到的光暗的反應。然而，許多因為大腦視覺皮質受到損傷致盲的人可以很容易地維持24小時的睡-醒循環(huán)。所以，從眼睛到PG的神經傳導可能不通過大腦的視覺皮質。以下哪一項最有助于評估這段論述的正確性?

解題思路：

無既定思路，逐項分析。

逐項分析：

A、M并非越多越好，補充M有可能導致過量，故無法得出確切結論，排除。

B、正確選項。符合題干主旨。

C、M是不是PG分泌的唯一物質。無關項。

D、沒有24小時睡-醒循環(huán)的人是不是有他們特定的周期。無關項。

E、對光暗的異?？赡苡泻芏嘣?，不一定是視覺皮質引起的，排除。

正確選項：B

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